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Snowsport England : Activities : Cross Country : What Is Cross Country Skiing
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Cross Country

What is Cross Country Skiing

Background
Cross Country Skiing originated in Scandinavia in prehistoric times. It started out just as a way of getting around on snow more easily. By using birch roots to strap a wooden plank to each foot you don't sink into the snow as much. It enables you to get around on top of the snow and this makes travel in deep snow far less tiring. Up to the last hundred years or so, only one ski did the sliding. The other usually had rope or roots tied round it to get grip. Once it was discovered that by using tar and other substances, you could get grip and slide on both skis, the equipment evolved much more quickly into the excellent equipment that we have today.

Whilst it's still used in some countries as a way of getting around, Cross Country Skiing is now a worldwide competitive sport and a recreational pass time. It's also one of the most challenging endurance sports, using every muscle group and combining the strength of a sprinter and the stamina of a distance runner. It is said that Cross Country Skiing uses a greater number of muscles than any other sport!

Cross Country Skiing Now

The modern events in which athletes compete in at the World Cup and Olympics are the (distances presented in Female/Male format) 1.5 km Sprint, 10km/15km Individual Start, 5km/10km Pursuit (athletes change skis), 30km/50km Mass Start and the 4x5km/4x10km Relay.

The free heel is perhaps the defining element that distinguishes Cross Country Skiing from alpine downhill skiing.

There are two distinct techniques of cross country skiing, classic (photo left) and free technique (commonly known as skating)(photo below). Classic skis run parallel to each other and they're slightly bow shaped but when you press down on them, the centre of the ski comes into contact with the snow. This allows special grip wax or fishscale mouldings in the centre of the ski to grip the snow. Because you can grip the snow it means that you can push off from it and create forward movement. It also means that you can go uphill without the skis sliding backwards.

The skating style has no grip area on the ski. The skis are much flatter and they move in a style similar to inline skating or ice skating. The added advantage with both techniques in Cross Country Skiing is that you have poles to aid forward movement so that you are useing almost the whole body for propulsion.

Those new to Cross Country Skiing are often amazed that skiers can ski uphill because it is so counter intuitive. The reason that you can ski uphill is because Cross Country skis can grip the snow in both Classic and Skating techniques and supplemented by a push from your poles, reasonably steep gradients can be skied.

Biathlon is a sport combining Cross Country Skiing with target shooting. It was originally a military sport taking place among border guards in Europe, and is now one of Europe's most popular televised sports.

Facilities and Equipment Required
Cross Country Skiing requires specialised boots and skis. In England, because of the lack of snow, Cross Country Skiing is often performed on dry land equipment called roller skis. You can learn roller skiing and can hire roller skis through clubs or independent roller ski instructors. An increasing number of indoor Snowdomes with artificial snow provide the only year round opportunity for Cross Country skiers to practice on snow. Some of these facilities have trails with artifical snow. There are Cross Country ski clubs throughout England. One near you can be found on the Snowsport England club locator found on the Facilities/Clubs/Snowmark tab on the top heading.

If you want to learn more about roller skiing, skiing techniques or skiing equipment, click on the other boxes.

(All Photo's in Index, 3, 4 & 5 this page - Fischer Skiing)

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT NORDIC SKIING

Q. Is Nordic skiing physically demanding?

A. Yes and no, and it depends on what you want out of the sport. At the top end, track racing is considered to be one of the most physically demanding sports of all and telemark racing is similar to alpine racing. But at the lower end, Nordic downhill and telemarking (especially if using lifts) are similar to alpine skiing, while cross-country touring can be no more demanding than a jog or a walk along a forest track. There are, of course, all levels in-between.

Q. Where does Nordic skiing take place?

A. For snow skiing Nordic downhill and telemarking, the answer tends to be “in the same places as for alpine skiing”, whereas for cross-country, the simple answer is “wherever there is snow”, especially if you have your own equipment. More generally, though, there are resorts in almost all of the traditional snow areas (the Alps, the Nordic countries, North America, Central and Eastern Europe, Japan and even Australia/New Zealand and South America). Some resorts specialise in downhill skiing and are, therefore, fully suitable for Nordic downhill and telemarking, others combine downhill and cross-country while some concentrate mainly on cross-country. In looking for a suitable resort, you need to take account of what you want to do " the facilities claimed for cross-country in mainly downhill resorts are not always as good as those in more specialised areas.

Q. Where can I practice Nordic skiing?

A. Just like other branches of skiing, Nordic is both a snow sport and a dry-land sport. Telemarkers and Nordic downhillers can use artificial ski slopes and, increasingly, the indoor man-made snow slopes of which there are several throughout the UK. Cross-country skiers train and practice on roller skis (similar to long roller skates with a wheel at each end) on paved surfaces, but there are several tunnels (abroad) which contain man-made snow all year long. Indoor snow slopes can be difficult for cross-country skiing because of the thinness of the equipment, but they can be used by more expert skiers.

Q. What about winter skiing in the UK?

A. There can be snow skiing in the UK, especially in Scotland and the north of England (and even occasionally as far south as Brighton) but this is, of course, very dependent on local weather conditions and the number of days when such skiing can take place is becoming more and more limited. Only two areas (Huntly in north-east Scotland and Aviemore) regularly prepare the tracks that are need for track racing and track touring, but determined skiers will often ski-in their own tracks. Touring, mountain touring, telemarking and Nordic downhill can, of course, take place wherever there is snow deep enough to ski on, as long as you don’t want to rely on lifts!

Q. And what about summer skiing?

A. Not all branches of Nordic skiing rely on snow! Telemarking and Nordic downhill can be practiced on indoor man-made snow slopes or on artificial downhill slopes, while cross-country can be practiced on roller skis wherever there is a suitable and safe paved area (e.g. a park or a cycle track, although some roller skis now allow skiing on harder-packed dirt tracks). Snowsport England (SSE) and local SSE clubs run training courses throughout the summer and autumn on different non-snow surfaces.

Q. From where do I get the equipment?

A. Hiring equipment is the best option for your first ski holiday (and investing in some lessons is also recommended). Joining a club will give you the opportunity to see, try and discuss appropriate equipment. There are only a few suppliers of equipment in the UK, but you can receive advice from cross-country clubs and on cross-country courses.

Q. What do I wear?

A. Layers of clothing are best as cross-country can be warm work especially if skiing uphill, yet cold in snowy, exposed locations. Many cross-country skiers prefer to be dressed similarly to walking or running with flexible clothing to allow movement, including a warm base layer and an outer wind or waterproof shell. Telemark and Nordic downhill skiers often dress similarly to alpine skiers but this might not be suitable if a lot of hill climbing is involved.

Q. What are the costs involved?

A. This, unfortunately, is an almost impossible question to answer! To attend a weekend-long training course, including hiring equipment but excluding accommodation and food, costs roughly £100. If you progress and wish to buy your own equipment, a complete set will cost approximately £200-£400 (add a further £100-£150 if you buy a cross-country ski set and wish to add roller skis). Thereafter, you need to add in the cost of getting to and staying in a resort (for on-snow skiing), and this can cost anything from about £300 to £1500 per week depending on where you go and when.

Q. How do I find out more?

A. Simply click on the other pages on this website. These provide far more information about the different branches of Nordic skiing, the equipment involved, courses and trips, training information and photos. There is also an Enquiries E-mail address in order to get more specific advice. During the winter, extensive coverage of biathlon and cross-country track racing is given on Eurosport, sometimes also shown late at night on Channel 4.

Q. How do I get involved?

A. Perhaps the best way to try cross-country skiing is to join a local Nordic club (listed on the SSE websites) and/or to attend one or more of the SSE national or club training events during the summer or autumn (SSE also runs an on-snow training week in April). These cater for all skiers from complete beginner through to expert and are an excellent way to introduce you to the sport. If you are an existing downhill skier, you might try switching to one of the Nordic disciplines, whereas if you take part in other sports (running, cycling, swimming, canoeing ...), you may well find that cross-country is not only fun but also provides excellent cross-training benefits. Alternatively, several commercial travel companies offer skiing trips to a wide range of different destinations. Finally, for those in the London area, the Rollerski.co offers roller ski courses on a commercial basis. Links to all of these can be found from the SSE Nordic websites.

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